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Photo: Photo by Ram Nagesh Thota via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)The ruins of Vijayanagara, capital of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1336 until its destruction in 1565, spread across a dramatic boulder-strewn landscape on the banks of the Tungabhadra river. The site includes the still-active Virupaksha Temple, and the Vittala Temple complex famous for its ornate stone chariot and musical pillars that produce different tones when struck. At its peak the city was one of the largest in the world, described by visiting Portuguese and Persian travellers as rivalling Rome in scale. The empire's sudden fall after the Battle of Talikota in 1565 left the city abandoned, preserving its temples, markets and royal structures as an unusually complete record of a pre-colonial Indian capital.
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